Prevalence of spelling errors affects reading behavior across languages.

The development of reading across languages.

A selective review is presented of empirical evidence from different languages concerning phonological development and reading development in children. It is demonstrated that the development of reading depends on phonological awareness in all languages so far studied. However, because languages vary in syllable structure and in the consistency with which phonology is represented by the orthogr...

Metacognitive (Rending) Strategies Across Languages and Techniques

Spelling Errors of Iranian School-Level EFL Learners: Potential Sources

With the purpose of examining the sources of spelling errors of Iranian school level EFL learners, the present researchers analyzed the dictation samples of 51 Iranian senior and junior high school male and female students majoring at an Iranian school in Baku, Azerbaijan. The content analysis of the data revealed three main sources (intralingual, interlingual, and unique) with seven patterns o...

Spelling Correction in Agglutinative Languages

Spelling correction is an important component of any system for processing text. Agglutinative languages such as Turkish or Finnish, differ from languages like English in the way lexical forms are generated. Typical nominal or a verbal root may generate thousands (or even millions) of valid forms which never appear in the dictionary. For instance, we can give the following (rather exaggerated) ...

Neural Network Recognition of Spelling Errors

One area in which artificial neural networks (ANNs) may strengthen NLP systems is in the identification of words under noisy conditions. In order to achieve this benefit when spelling errors or spelling variants are present, variable-length strings of symbols must be converted to ANN input/output form--fixed-length arrays of numbers. A common view in the neural network community has been that d...